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The second assault of Vicksburg of May 22, 1863 was the first coordinated frontal attack of the Vicksburg defenses. and was a disaster for Union forces under General Grant. The strength and strategic positioning of the miles of Confederate earthworks to the east of Vicksburg allowed it to be defended with devastating losses to Federal troops. After several unsuccessful attempts along the entire length of the defenses, General Grant became convinced that Confederate Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton could only be defeated in a protracted siege.
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